Opkomst en teloorgang van de Antwerpse Gouden Eeuw

Premier Rutte vertrok zondag 7 juli 2013 met zijn Vlaamse collega Peeters naar Texas voor een gezamenlijke handelsmissie. In totaal doen er negentig Nederlandse en Vlaamse bedrijven mee aan de missie. Antwerpen is in Vlaanderen van oudsher de belangrijkste regio met betrekking tot de handel. Al tijdens de 16e eeuw gold het als financieel centrum van het Habsburgse Rijk, maar door de Tachtigjarige Oorlog kwam daar verandering in.

Rond 1400 was Antwerpen nog relatief klein en telde de stad slechts 18.000 inwoners. Onder Spaanse heerschappij groeide Antwerpen gedurende de 15e eeuw echter uit tot de commerciële hoofdstad van Noord West Europa. De Antwerpse kapitaalmarkt groeide enorm nadat Karel V in 1515 de stad tot financieringscentrum van de Habsburgse politiek maakte. Het inwonertal verdubbelde ruim tussen 1500 en 1560 van 40.000 naar 100.000 inwoners.

Handelspartners van Antwerpen

Haar status als internationaal handelscentrum had Antwerpen te danken aan haar ligging aan de rivier de Schelde, waardoor makkelijk overzeese handel gevoerd kon worden. De belangrijkste handelspartners van Antwerpen gedurende de 16e eeuw waren Duitsland, Engeland, Spanje, Portugal en Italië. Met Engeland werd voornamelijk gehandeld in wol en lakens, terwijl uit Portugal specerijen werden ingevoerd. Ook de Rijnwijn uit Zuid Duitsland was erg populair. Luxegoederen zoals zijde, diamanten en tapijten werden vooral uitgevoerd.

Culturele welvaart

Door de enorme economische groei maakte ook de Antwerpse kunstnijverheid een bloeiperiode door. Het Antwerpse schildersgilde groeide enorm in ledenaantal. In twintig jaar tijd voegden zo’n 300 nieuwe meesters zich tot het gilde, waaronder kunstenaars als Pieter Brueghel en Quinten Metsys. De Antwerpse welvarendheid weerspiegelde zich ook in de bouw van de beurs in 1531.


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het Sinjorenstadhuis
het Sinjorenstadhuis

€ 19.90

 


Antwerpen in crisistijd

Rond het midden van de 16e eeuw raakte Antwerpen in een recessie, doordat het Habsburgse rijk bankroet ging. De Antwerpse geldmarkt raakte in crisis, waardoor de koopkracht daalde en belangrijke handelspartners zich terugtrokken uit de stad. De Beeldenstorm in 1566 droeg verder bij aan het verval van de stad, die het begin markeerde van de opstand tegen de Spaanse overheerser. Ook de Spaanse Furie in 1576 bracht enorme schade voor Antwerpen, toen 6000 muitende Spaanse troepen de stad binnentrokken omdat ze door het Habsburgse faillissement geen soldij meer ontvingen. Tijdens de plundering werd een groot deel van de Antwerpse verdedigingswerken vernietigd, het stadhuis in brand gestoken en kwamen zo’n 7000 burgers om het leven. Antwerpen was op dat moment in handen van Don Juan van Oostenrijk, de landvoogd van de Nederlanden in dienst van Filips II. Hij slaagde er niet in om de orde in Antwerpen te herstellen. De stad ontwikkelde zich tot hoofdstad van de anti-Spaanse Opstand, waardoor het Antwerpse handelswezen nog verder achteruit ging.

Strijd om de Schelde

In 1585 werd Antwerpen door de hertog van Parma heroverd, waarna het bevolkingscijfer daalde tot nog maar 45.000 inwoners. Als gevolg van de Spaanse herovering besloten de Noordelijke Nederlanden over te gaan tot een blokkade van de Scheldemonding, waardoor overzeese handel voor Antwerpen niet langer mogelijk was. De status van internationaal handelscentrum werd langzaam maar zeker overgenomen door Amsterdam. Ondanks dat bleef Antwerpen één van de belangrijkste economische en culturele centra van de Nederlanden. De schelde zou in de 18e eeuw onder Napoleon weer worden geopend, waardoor de haven van Antwerpen weer bereikbaar werd. Tegenwoordig is Antwerpen de tweede haven in Europa, na Rotterdam.

Tijdens de handelsmissie in Texas treden Vlaanderen en Nederland als één regio naar buiten. De handelsmissie zal drie dagen duren. Er zullen bezoeken worden gebracht aan vestigingen van Nederlandse bedrijven als Shell en het Vlaamse bedrijf Katoen Natie. Ook zullen lokale bedrijven bezocht worden en zal er een diner plaatsvinden waar bedrijven kunnen netwerken.

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<h3>Bronnen</h3>
<p> </p>
<p>- NOS.nl, ‘<a title="Rutte met Belgen op handelsmissie" href="http://nos.nl/artikel/526847-rutte-met-belgen-op-handelsmissie.html" target="_blank">Rutte met Belgen op handelsmissie</a>’, 7-7-2013.</p>
<p>- Geschiedenisvanantwerpen.nl, ‘<a title="De geschiedenis van Antwerpen" href="http://www.geschiedenisvanantwerpen.com/" target="_blank">De geschiedenis van Antwerpen</a>’.</p>
<p> - Kunst-en-cultuur.infonu.nl, ‘<a title="Antwerpen: Gouden Eeuw, 2e groeifase: 1535-1565" href="http://kunst-en-cultuur.infonu.nl/geschiedenis/47645-antwerpen-gouden-ee... target="_blank">Antwerpen: Gouden Eeuw, 2<sup>e</sup> (...)</a>’.</p>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>Afbeelding</strong></p>
<p>Wikimedia Commons, '<a title="Antwerpen en de Schelde" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antwerp_and_river_Scheldt,_Belgiu... target="_blank">Antwerpen en de Schelde</a>'.</p>
<p> </p>
<h3>Leestip</h3>
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